Category Archives: Ubuntu Linux

Backup and Restore your Ubuntu Linux Workstations

This is a mechanism I invented and I’ve been using for decades, to migrate or clone my Linux Desktops to other physical servers.

This script is focused on doing the job for Ubuntu but I was doing this already 30 years ago, for X Window as I was responsible of the Linux platform of a ISP (Internet Service Provider). So, it is compatible with any Linux Desktop or Server.

It has the advantage that is a very lightweight backup. You don’t need to backup /etc or /var as long as you install a new OS and restore the folders that you did backup. You can backup and restore Wine (Windows Emulator) programs completely and to/from VMs and Instances as well.

It’s based on user/s rather than machine.

And it does backup using the Timestamp, so you keep all the different version, modified over time. You can fusion the backups in the same folder if you prefer avoiding time versions and keep only the latest backup. If that’s your case, then replace s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW=”${s_PATH_BACKUP}${s_DATETIME}/” by s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW=”${s_PATH_BACKUP}” for instance. You can also add a folder for machine if you prefer it, for example if you use the same userid across several Desktops/Servers.

I offer you a much simplified version of my scripts, but they can highly serve your needs.

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# Author: Carles Mateo
# Last Update: 2022-10-23 10:48 Irish Time

# User we want to backup data for
s_USER="carles"
# Target PATH for the Backups
s_PATH_BACKUP="/home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Bck/"

s_DATE=$(date +"%Y-%m-%d")
s_DATETIME=$(date +"%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S")

s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW="${s_PATH_BACKUP}${s_DATETIME}/"

echo "Creating path $s_PATH_BACKUP and $s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW"
mkdir $s_PATH_BACKUP
mkdir $s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW

s_PATH_KEY="/home/${s_USER}/Desktop/keys/2007-01-07-cloud23.pem"
s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_EXPORT=${s_DATE}-jenkins-base.tar
s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_BLUEOCEAN2_EXPORT=${s_DATE}-jenkins-blueocean2.tar
s_PGP_FILE=${s_DATETIME}-pgp.zip

# Version the PGP files
echo "Compressing the PGP files as ${s_PGP_FILE}"
zip -r ${s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW}${s_PGP_FILE} /home/${s_USER}/Desktop/PGP/*

# Copy to BCK folder, or ZFS or to an external drive Locally as defined in: s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW
echo "Copying Data to ${s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW}/Data"
rsync -a --exclude={} --acls --xattrs --owner --group --times --stats --human-readable --progress -z "/home/${s_USER}/Desktop/data/" "${s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW}data/"
rsync -a --exclude={'Desktop','Downloads','.local/share/Trash/','.local/lib/python2.7/','.local/lib/python3.6/','.local/lib/python3.8/','.local/lib/python3.10/','.cache/JetBrains/'} --acls --xattrs --owner --group --times --stats --human-readable --progress -z "/home/${s_USER}/" "${s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW}home/${s_USER}/"
rsync -a --exclude={} --acls --xattrs --owner --group --times --stats --human-readable --progress -z "/home/${s_USER}/Desktop/code/" "${s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW}code/"


echo "Showing backup dir ${s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW}"
ls -hal ${s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW}

df -h /

See how I exclude certain folders like the Desktop or Downloads with –exclude.

It relies on the very useful rsync program. It also relies on zip to compress entire folders (PGP Keys on the example).

If you use the second part, to compress Docker Images (Jenkins in this example), you will run it as sudo and you will need also gzip.

# continuation... sudo running required.

# Save Docker Images
echo "Saving Docker Jenkins /home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Docker_Images/${s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_EXPORT}"
sudo docker save jenkins:base --output /home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Docker_Images/${s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_EXPORT}
echo "Saving Docker Jenkins /home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Docker_Images/${s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_BLUEOCEAN2_EXPORT}"
sudo docker save jenkins:base --output /home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Docker_Images/${s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_BLUEOCEAN2_EXPORT}
echo "Setting permissions"
sudo chown ${s_USER}.${s_USER} /home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Docker_Images/${s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_EXPORT}
sudo chown ${s_USER}.${s_USER} /home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Docker_Images/${s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_BLUEOCEAN2_EXPORT}
echo "Compressing /home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Docker_Images/${s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_EXPORT}"
gzip /home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Docker_Images/${s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_EXPORT}
gzip /home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Docker_Images/${s_DOCKER_IMG_JENKINS_BLUEOCEAN2_EXPORT}

rsync -a --exclude={} --acls --xattrs --owner --group --times --stats --human-readable --progress -z "/home/${s_USER}/Desktop/Docker_Images/" "${s_PATH_BACKUP_NOW}Docker_Images/"

There is a final part, if you want to backup to a remote Server/s using ssh:

# continuation... to copy to a remote Server.

s_PATH_REMOTE="bck7@cloubbck11.carlesmateo.com:/Bck/Desktop/${s_USER}/data/"

# Copy to the other Server
rsync -e "ssh -i $s_PATH_KEY" -a --exclude={} --acls --xattrs --owner --group --times --stats --human-readable --progress -z "/home/${s_USER}/Desktop/data/" ${s_PATH_REMOTE}

I recommend you to use the same methodology in all your Desktops, like for example, having a data/ folder in the Desktop for each user.

You can use Erasure Code to split the Backups in blocks and store a piece in different Cloud Providers.

Also you can store your Backups long-term, with services like Amazon Glacier.

Other ideas are storing certain files in git and in Hadoop HDFS.

If you want you can CRC your files before copying to another device or server.

You will use tools like: sha512sum or md5sum.

Docker with Ubuntu with telnet server and Python code to access via telnet

Explanations building the Container and running the python code

Here you can see this Python code to connect via Telnet and executing a command in a Server:

File: telnet_demo.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import telnetlib

s_host = "localhost"
s_user = "telnet"
s_password = "telnet"

o_tn = telnetlib.Telnet(s_host)

o_tn.read_until(b"login: ")
o_tn.write(s_user.encode('ascii') + b"\n")

o_tn.read_until(b"Password: ")

o_tn.write(s_password.encode('ascii') + b"\n")

o_tn.write(b"hostname\n")
o_tn.write(b"uname -a\n")
o_tn.write(b"ls -hal /\n")
o_tn.write(b"exit\n")

print(o_tn.read_all().decode('ascii'))

File: Dockerfile

FROM ubuntu:20.04

MAINTAINER Carles Mateo

ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive

# This will make sure printing in the Screen when running in detached mode
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1

RUN apt-get update -y && apt install -y sudo telnetd vim systemctl  && apt-get clean

RUN adduser -gecos --disabled-password --shell /bin/bash telnet

RUN echo "telnet:telnet" | chpasswd

EXPOSE 23

CMD systemctl start inetd; while [ true ]; do sleep 60; done

You can see that I use chpasswd command to change the password for the user telnet and set it to telnet. That deals with the complexity of setting the encrypted password.

File: build_docker.sh

#!/bin/bash

s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME="ubuntu_telnet"

echo "We will build the Docker Image and name it: ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}"
echo "After, we will be able to run a Docker Container based on it."

printf "Removing old image %s\n" "${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}"
sudo docker rm "${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}"

printf "Creating Docker Image %s\n" "${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}"
sudo docker build -t ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME} .
# If you don't want to use cache this is your line
# sudo docker build -t ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME} . --no-cache

i_EXIT_CODE=$?
if [ $i_EXIT_CODE -ne 0 ]; then
    printf "Error. Exit code %s\n" ${i_EXIT_CODE}
    exit
fi

echo "Ready to run ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME} Docker Container"
echo "To run in type: sudo docker run -it -p 23:23 --name ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME} ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}"

When you run sudo ./build_docker.sh the image will be built. Then run it with:

sudo docker run -it -p 23:23 --name ubuntu_telnet ubuntu_telnet

If you get an error indicating that the port is in use, then your computer has already a process listening on the port 23, use another.

You will be able to stop the Container by pressing CTRL + C

From another terminal run the Python program:

python3 ./telnet_demo.py

See where is the space used in your Android phone from Ubuntu Terminal

So, you may have your Android phone full and you don’t know where the space is.

You may have tried Apps for Android but none shows the information in the detail you would like. Linux to the rescue.

First of all you need a cable able to transfer Data. It is a cable that will be connected to your computer, normally with an USB 3.0 cable and to your smartphone, normally with USB-C.

Sometimes phone’s connectors are dirty and don’t allow a stable connection. Your connections should allow a stable connection, otherwise the connection will be interrupted in the middle.

Once you connect the Android smartphone to the computer, unlock the phone and authorize the data connection.

You’ll see that your computer recognizes the phone:

Open the terminal and enter this directory:

cd /run/user/1000/gvfs/

Here you will see your device and the name is very evident.

The usual is to have just one device listed, but if you had several Android devices attached you may want to query first, in order to identify it.

The Android devices use a protocol named Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) when connecting to the USB port, and that’s different on the typical way to access the USB port.

usb-devices  | grep "Manufacturer=" -B 3

Run this command to see all the devices connected to the USB.

You may see Manufacturer=SAMSUNG or Manufacturer=OnePlus etc…

The information returned will allow you to identify your device in /run/user/1000/gvfs/

You may get different type of outputs, but if you get: 

T:  Bus=02 Lev=01 Prnt=01 Port=00 Cnt=01 Dev#= 13 Spd=480 MxCh= 0

your device can be accessed inside:

cd mtp\:host\=%5Busb%3A002%2C013%5D/

There you’ll see Card and Phone.

You can enter the Phone internal storage or the SD Card storage directory:

cd Phone

To see how the space is distributed nicely I recommend you to use the program ncdu if you don’t have you can install it with:

sudo apt install ncdu

Then run ncdu:

ncdu

It will calculate the space…

… and let you know, sorted from more to less, and will allow you to browse the sub-directories with the keyboard arrow keys and enter to get major clarity.

For example, in my case I saw 8.5 GB in the folder Movies on the phone, where I didn’t download any movie, so I checked.

I entered inside by pressing Enter:

So Instagram App was keeping a copy all the videos I uploaded, in total 8.5 GB of my Phone’s space and never releasing them!.

Example for the SD card, where the usage was as expected:

Creating a RabbitMQ Docker Container accessed with Python and pika

In this video, that I streamed on Twitch, I demonstrate the code showed here.

I launch the Docker Container and operated it a bit, so you can get to learn few tricks.

I created the RabbitMQ Docker installation based on the official RabbitMQ installation instructions for Ubuntu/Debian:

https://www.rabbitmq.com/install-debian.html#apt-cloudsmith

One interesting aspect is that I cover how the messages are delivered as byte sequence. I show this by sending Unicode characters

Files in the project

Dockerfile

FROM ubuntu:20.04

MAINTAINER Carles Mateo

ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive

# This will make sure printing in the Screen when running in dettached mode
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1

ARG PATH_RABBIT_INSTALL=/tmp/rabbit_install/

ARG PATH_RABBIT_APP_PYTHON=/opt/rabbit_python/

RUN mkdir $PATH_RABBIT_INSTALL

COPY cloudsmith.sh $PATH_RABBIT_INSTALL

RUN chmod +x ${PATH_RABBIT_INSTALL}cloudsmith.sh

RUN apt-get update -y && apt install -y sudo python3 python3-pip mc htop less strace zip gzip lynx && apt-get clean

RUN ${PATH_RABBIT_INSTALL}cloudsmith.sh

RUN service rabbitmq-server start

RUN mkdir $PATH_RABBIT_APP_PYTHON

COPY requirements.txt $PATH_RABBIT_APP_PYTHON

WORKDIR $PATH_RABBIT_APP_PYTHON

RUN pwd

RUN pip install -r requirements.txt

COPY *.py $PATH_RABBIT_APP_PYTHON

COPY loop_send_get_messages.sh $PATH_RABBIT_APP_PYTHON

RUN chmod +x loop_send_get_messages.sh

CMD ./loop_send_get_messages.sh

cloudsmith.sh

#!/usr/bin/sh
# From: https://www.rabbitmq.com/install-debian.html#apt-cloudsmith

sudo apt-get update -y && apt-get install curl gnupg apt-transport-https -y

## Team RabbitMQ's main signing key
curl -1sLf "https://keys.openpgp.org/vks/v1/by-fingerprint/0A9AF2115F4687BD29803A206B73A36E6026DFCA" | sudo gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/com.rabbitmq.team.gpg > /dev/null
## Cloudsmith: modern Erlang repository
curl -1sLf https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-erlang/gpg.E495BB49CC4BBE5B.key | sudo gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/io.cloudsmith.rabbitmq.E495BB49CC4BBE5B.gpg > /dev/null
## Cloudsmith: RabbitMQ repository
curl -1sLf https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-server/gpg.9F4587F226208342.key | sudo gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/io.cloudsmith.rabbitmq.9F4587F226208342.gpg > /dev/null

## Add apt repositories maintained by Team RabbitMQ
sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/rabbitmq.list <<EOF
## Provides modern Erlang/OTP releases
##
deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/io.cloudsmith.rabbitmq.E495BB49CC4BBE5B.gpg] https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-erlang/deb/ubuntu bionic main
deb-src [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/io.cloudsmith.rabbitmq.E495BB49CC4BBE5B.gpg] https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-erlang/deb/ubuntu bionic main

## Provides RabbitMQ
##
deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/io.cloudsmith.rabbitmq.9F4587F226208342.gpg] https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-server/deb/ubuntu bionic main
deb-src [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/io.cloudsmith.rabbitmq.9F4587F226208342.gpg] https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-server/deb/ubuntu bionic main
EOF

## Update package indices
sudo apt-get update -y

## Install Erlang packages
sudo apt-get install -y erlang-base \
                        erlang-asn1 erlang-crypto erlang-eldap erlang-ftp erlang-inets \
                        erlang-mnesia erlang-os-mon erlang-parsetools erlang-public-key \
                        erlang-runtime-tools erlang-snmp erlang-ssl \
                        erlang-syntax-tools erlang-tftp erlang-tools erlang-xmerl

## Install rabbitmq-server and its dependencies
sudo apt-get install rabbitmq-server -y --fix-missing

build_docker.sh

#!/bin/bash

s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME="rabbitmq"

echo "We will build the Docker Image and name it: ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}"
echo "After, we will be able to run a Docker Container based on it."

printf "Removing old image %s\n" "${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}"
sudo docker rm "${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}"

printf "Creating Docker Image %s\n" "${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}"
sudo docker build -t ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME} . --no-cache

i_EXIT_CODE=$?
if [ $i_EXIT_CODE -ne 0 ]; then
    printf "Error. Exit code %s\n" ${i_EXIT_CODE}
    exit
fi

echo "Ready to run ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME} Docker Container"
echo "To run in type: sudo docker run -it --name ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME} ${s_DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME}"
echo "or just use run_in_docker.sh"

requirements.txt

pika

loop_send_get_messages.sh

#!/bin/bash

echo "Starting RabbitMQ"
service rabbitmq-server start

echo "Launching consumer in background which will be listening and executing the callback function"
python3 rabbitmq_getfrom.py &

while true; do

    i_MESSAGES=$(( RANDOM % 10 ))

    echo "Sending $i_MESSAGES messages"
    for i_MESSAGE in $(seq 1 $i_MESSAGES); do
        python3 rabbitmq_sendto.py
    done

    echo "Sleeping 5 seconds"
    sleep 5

done

echo "Exiting loop"

rabbitmq_sendto.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import pika
import time

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host="localhost"))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue="hello")

s_now = str(time.time())

s_message = "Hello World! " + s_now + " Testing Unicode: çÇ àá😀"
channel.basic_publish(exchange="", routing_key="hello", body=s_message)
print(" [x] Sent '" + s_message + "'")
connection.close()

rabbitmq_getfrom.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import pika


def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    # print(f" [x] Received in channel: {ch} method: {method} properties: {properties} body: {body}")
    print(f" [x] Received body: {body}")


connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host="localhost"))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue="hello")

print(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press Ctrl+C")

# This will loop
channel.basic_consume(queue="hello", on_message_callback=callback)
channel.start_consuming()

print("Finishing consumer")

Install Jenkins on Docker with Blue Ocean and persisten Voluemes in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS in 4 minutes

Following the official documentation:

https://www.jenkins.io/doc/book/installing/docker/#setup-wizard

The steps are:

Create the network bridge named jenkins

docker network create jenkins

to execute Docker commands inside jenkins nodes we will use docker:dind

docker run \
  --name jenkins-docker \
  --rm \
  --detach \
  --privileged \
  --network jenkins \
  --network-alias docker \
  --env DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR=/certs \
  --volume jenkins-docker-certs:/certs/client \
  --volume jenkins-data:/var/jenkins_home \
  --publish 2376:2376 \
  docker:dind \
  --storage-driver overlay2

Created a Dockerfile with these contents:

FROM jenkins/jenkins:2.346.1-jdk11
USER root
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y lsb-release
RUN curl -fsSLo /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.asc \
  https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg
RUN echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) \
  signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.asc] \
  https://download.docker.com/linux/debian \
  $(lsb_release -cs) stable" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y docker-ce-cli
USER jenkins
RUN jenkins-plugin-cli --plugins "blueocean:1.25.5 docker-workflow:1.28"

Build it:

docker build -t myjenkins-blueocean:2.346.1-1 .

Run the Container:

docker run \
  --name jenkins-blueocean \
  --restart=on-failure \
  --detach \
  --network jenkins \
  --env DOCKER_HOST=tcp://docker:2376 \
  --env DOCKER_CERT_PATH=/certs/client \
  --env DOCKER_TLS_VERIFY=1 \
  --publish 8080:8080 \
  --publish 50000:50000 \
  --volume jenkins-data:/var/jenkins_home \
  --volume jenkins-docker-certs:/certs/client:ro \
  myjenkins-blueocean:2.346.1-1

See the Id of the running Containers:

docker ps

As in my case my jenkins container Id is 77b6a5a7ae8d in order to know the jenkins administrator password I check the logs for my jenkins Container with docker logs 77b6a5a7ae8d:

docker logs 77b6a5a7ae8d
Running from: /usr/share/jenkins/jenkins.war
webroot: EnvVars.masterEnvVars.get("JENKINS_HOME")
2022-06-26 21:02:05.492+0000 [id=1]	INFO	org.eclipse.jetty.util.log.Log#initialized: Logging initialized @549ms to org.eclipse.jetty.util.log.JavaUtilLog
2022-06-26 21:02:05.583+0000 [id=1]	INFO	winstone.Logger#logInternal: Beginning extraction from war file
2022-06-26 21:02:05.613+0000 [id=1]	WARNING	o.e.j.s.handler.ContextHandler#setContextPath: Empty contextPath
2022-06-26 21:02:05.674+0000 [id=1]	INFO	org.eclipse.jetty.server.Server#doStart: jetty-9.4.45.v20220203; built: 2022-02-03T09:14:34.105Z; git: 4a0c91c0be53805e3fcffdcdcc9587d5301863db; jvm 11.0.15+10
2022-06-26 21:02:05.986+0000 [id=1]	INFO	o.e.j.w.StandardDescriptorProcessor#visitServlet: NO JSP Support for /, did not find org.eclipse.jetty.jsp.JettyJspServlet
2022-06-26 21:02:06.020+0000 [id=1]	INFO	o.e.j.s.s.DefaultSessionIdManager#doStart: DefaultSessionIdManager workerName=node0
2022-06-26 21:02:06.020+0000 [id=1]	INFO	o.e.j.s.s.DefaultSessionIdManager#doStart: No SessionScavenger set, using defaults
2022-06-26 21:02:06.021+0000 [id=1]	INFO	o.e.j.server.session.HouseKeeper#startScavenging: node0 Scavenging every 600000ms
2022-06-26 21:02:06.463+0000 [id=1]	INFO	hudson.WebAppMain#contextInitialized: Jenkins home directory: /var/jenkins_home found at: EnvVars.masterEnvVars.get("JENKINS_HOME")
2022-06-26 21:02:06.647+0000 [id=1]	INFO	o.e.j.s.handler.ContextHandler#doStart: Started w.@7cf7aee{Jenkins v2.346.1,/,file:///var/jenkins_home/war/,AVAILABLE}{/var/jenkins_home/war}
2022-06-26 21:02:06.668+0000 [id=1]	INFO	o.e.j.server.AbstractConnector#doStart: Started ServerConnector@4c402120{HTTP/1.1, (http/1.1)}{0.0.0.0:8080}
2022-06-26 21:02:06.669+0000 [id=1]	INFO	org.eclipse.jetty.server.Server#doStart: Started @1727ms
2022-06-26 21:02:06.669+0000 [id=25]	INFO	winstone.Logger#logInternal: Winstone Servlet Engine running: controlPort=disabled
2022-06-26 21:02:06.925+0000 [id=32]	INFO	jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: Started initialization
2022-06-26 21:02:07.214+0000 [id=39]	INFO	jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: Listed all plugins
2022-06-26 21:02:10.781+0000 [id=47]	INFO	jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: Prepared all plugins
2022-06-26 21:02:10.794+0000 [id=35]	INFO	jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: Started all plugins
2022-06-26 21:02:10.803+0000 [id=42]	INFO	jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: Augmented all extensions
WARNING: An illegal reflective access operation has occurred
WARNING: Illegal reflective access by org.codehaus.groovy.vmplugin.v7.Java7$1 (file:/var/jenkins_home/war/WEB-INF/lib/groovy-all-2.4.21.jar) to constructor java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles$Lookup(java.lang.Class,int)
WARNING: Please consider reporting this to the maintainers of org.codehaus.groovy.vmplugin.v7.Java7$1
WARNING: Use --illegal-access=warn to enable warnings of further illegal reflective access operations
WARNING: All illegal access operations will be denied in a future release
2022-06-26 21:02:11.634+0000 [id=30]	INFO	jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: System config loaded
2022-06-26 21:02:11.635+0000 [id=30]	INFO	jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: System config adapted
2022-06-26 21:02:11.642+0000 [id=48]	INFO	jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: Loaded all jobs
2022-06-26 21:02:11.645+0000 [id=46]	INFO	jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: Configuration for all jobs updated
2022-06-26 21:02:11.668+0000 [id=67]	INFO	hudson.model.AsyncPeriodicWork#lambda$doRun$1: Started Download metadata
2022-06-26 21:02:11.675+0000 [id=67]	INFO	hudson.model.AsyncPeriodicWork#lambda$doRun$1: Finished Download metadata. 4 ms
2022-06-26 21:02:11.733+0000 [id=52]	INFO	jenkins.install.SetupWizard#init: 

*************************************************************
*************************************************************
*************************************************************

Jenkins initial setup is required. An admin user has been created and a password generated.
Please use the following password to proceed to installation:

3de0910b83894b9294989552e6fa9773

This may also be found at: /var/jenkins_home/secrets/initialAdminPassword

*************************************************************
*************************************************************
*************************************************************

2022-06-26 21:02:22.901+0000 [id=52]	INFO	jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1#onAttained: Completed initialization
2022-06-26 21:02:23.013+0000 [id=24]	INFO	hudson.lifecycle.Lifecycle#onReady: Jenkins is fully up and running

In my case the password is at the bottom, between the stars: 3de0910b83894b9294989552e6fa9773

Go with your browser to: http://localhost:8080

Twitch Stream about ZFS, zpool scrubbing, Hard drives, Data Centers, NVMe, Rack Servers…

Twitch stream on 2022-06-06 10:50 IST

In this very long session we went through actual errors in a ZFS pool, we check the Kernel, we remove and reinsert the drive, conduct zpool scrub… in the meantime I talked about Rack, Rack Servers, PSU, redundant components, ECC RAM…

Testing length of Linux ext3/ext4 and ZFS file names with Python 3

Last Update: 2022-04-16 15:22

So, I was working on a project and i wanted to test how long a file can be.

The resources I checked, and also the Kernel and C source I reviewed, were pointing that effectively the limit is 255 characters.

But I had one doubt… given that Python 3 String are UTF-8, and that Linux encode by default is UTF-8, will I be able to use 255 characters length, or this will be reduced as the Strings will be encoded as UTF-8 or Unicode?.

So I did a small Proof of Concept.

For the filenames I grabbed a fragment of the translation to English of the book epic book “Tirant lo Blanc” (The White Knight), one of the first books written in Catalan language and the first chivalry novel known in the world. You can download it for free it in:

https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=378

Python Code:

from carleslibs.fileutils import FileUtils
from colorama import Fore, Back, Style , init


class ColorUtils:

    def __init__(self):
        # For Colorama on Windows
        init()

    def print_error(self, s_text, s_end="\n"):
        """
        Prints errors in Red.
        :param s_text:
        :return:
        """
        print(Fore.RED + s_text)
        print(Style.RESET_ALL, end=s_end)

    def print_success(self, s_text, s_end="\n"):
        """
        Prints errors in Green.
        :param s_text:
        :return:
        """
        print(Fore.GREEN + s_text)
        print(Style.RESET_ALL, end=s_end)

    def print_label(self, s_text, s_end="\n"):
        """
        Prints a label and not the end line
        :param s_text:
        :return:
        """
        print(Fore.BLUE + s_text, end="")
        print(Style.RESET_ALL, end=s_end)

    def return_text_blue(self, s_text):
        """
        Restuns a Text
        :param s_text:
        :return: String
        """
        s_text_return = Fore.BLUE + s_text + Style.RESET_ALL
        return s_text_return


if __name__ == "__main__":

    o_color = ColorUtils()
    o_file = FileUtils()

    s_text = "In the fertile, rich and lovely island of England there lived a most valiant knight, noble by his lineage and much more for his "
    s_text += "courage.  In his great wisdom and ingenuity he had served the profession of chivalry for many years and with a great deal of honor, "
    s_text += "and his fame was widely known throughout the world.  His name was Count William of Warwick.  This was a very strong knight "
    s_text += "who, in his virile youth, had practiced the use of arms, following wars on sea as well as land, and he had brought many "
    s_text += "battles to a successful conclusion."

    o_color.print_label("Erasure Code project by Carles Mateo")
    print()
    print("Task 237 - Proof of Concep of Long File Names, encoded is ASCii, in Linux ext3 and ext4 Filesystems")
    print()
    print("Using as a sample a text based on the translation of Tirant Lo Blanc")
    print("Sample text used:")
    print("-"*30)
    print(s_text)
    print("-" * 30)
    print()
    print("This test uses the OpenSource libraries from Carles Mateo carleslibs")
    print()
    print("Initiating tests")
    print("================")

    s_dir = "task237_tests"

    if o_file.folder_exists(s_dir) is True:
        o_color.print_success("Directory " + s_dir + " already existed, skipping creation")
    else:
        b_success = o_file.create_folder(s_dir)
        if b_success is True:
            o_color.print_success("Directory " + s_dir + " created successfully")
        else:
            o_color.print_error("Directory " + s_dir + " creation failed")
            exit(1)

    for i_length in range(200, 512, 1):
        s_filename = s_dir + "/" + s_text[0:i_length]
        b_success = o_file.write(s_file=s_filename, s_text=s_text)
        s_output = "Writing file length: "
        print(s_output, end="")
        o_color.print_label(str(i_length).rjust(3), s_end="")
        print(" file name: ", end="")
        o_color.print_label(s_filename, s_end="")
        print(": ", end="")
        if b_success is False:
            o_color.print_error("failed", s_end="\n")
            exit(0)
        else:
            o_color.print_success("success", s_end="\n")

    # Note: up to 255 work, 256 fails

I tried this in an Ubuntu Virtual Box VM.

As part of my tests I tried to add a non typical character in English, ASCii >127, like Ç.

When I use ASCii character < 128 (0 to 127) for the filenames in ext3/ext4 and in a ZFS Pool, I can use 255 positions. But when I add characters that are not typical, like the Catalan ç Ç or accents Àí the space available is reduced, suggesting the characters are being encoded:

Ç has value 128 in the ASCii table and ç 135.

I used my Open Source carleslibs and the package colorama.

Install them with:

pip3 install carleslibs colorama

News from the Blog 2022-02-22

My Open Source projects

zpool watch

zpool watch is a small Python program for Linux workstations with graphical environment and ZFS, that checks every 30 seconds if your OpenZFS pools are Ok.

If a pool is not healthy, it displays a message in a window using tk inter.

Basically allows you to skip checking from the terminal zpool status continuously or to having to customize the ZED service to send an email and having to figure out how to it can spawn a window alert to the graphical system or what to do if the session has not been initiated.

carleslibs

Since last News from the Blog I’ve released carleslibs v.1.06, v.1.0.5 and v.1.0.4.

v.1.0.6 adds a new class OsUtils to deal with mostly-Linux Os tasks, like knowing the userid, the username, if it’s root, the distribution name and kernel version.

It also adds:

DatetimeUtils.sleep(i_seconds)

In v.1.0.5 I’ve included a new method for getting the Datetime in Unix Epoc format as Integer and increased Code Coverage to 95% for ScreenUtils class.

v. 1.0.4 contains a minor update, a method in StringUtils to escape html from a string.

It uses the library html (part of Python core) so it was small work to do for me to create this method, and the Unit Test for it, but I wanted to use carleslibs in more projects and adding it as core functionality, makes the code of these projects I’m working on, much more clear.

I’m working in the future v.1.0.7.

CTOP.py

I released the stable version 0.8.8 and tagged it.

Minor refactors and adding more Code Coverage (Unit Testing), and protection in the code for division per zero when seconds passed as int are 0. (this was not an actual error, but is worth protecting the code just in case for the future)

Working on branch 0.8.9.

Currently in Master there is a stable version of 0.8.9 mainly fixing https://gitlab.com/carles.mateo/ctop/-/issues/51 which was not detecting when CTOP was running inside a Docker Container (reporting Unable to decode DMI).

My Books

Docker Combat Guide

Added 20 new pages with some tricks, like clearing the logs (1.6GB in my workstation), using some cool tools, using bind mounts and using Docker in Windows from command line without activating Docker Desktop or WSL.

https://leanpub.com/docker-combat-guide/

BTW if you work with Windows and you cannot use Docker Desktop due to the new license, in this article I explain how to use docker stand alone in Windows, without using WSL.

ZFS on Ubuntu

One of my SATA 2TB 2.5″ 5,400 rpm drive got damaged and so was generating errors, so that was a fantastic opportunity to show how to detect and deal with the situation to replace it with a new SATA 2TB 3.5″ 7,200 rpm and fix the pool.

So I updated my ZFS on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS book.

Python 3

I’ve updated Python 3 Exercises for Beginners and added a new example of how to parse the <title> tag from an HTML page, using Beautifulsoup package, to the repository of Python 3 Combat Guide book.

A simple example to grab the title of a page using Python and beautifulsoup4

I also added three new exercises, and solved them.

My friend Michela is translating the book to Italian. Thanks! :)

If you already purchased any of my books, you can download the updates of them when I upload them to LeanPub.

Free courses

Code Challenges

One of my students sent me this platform, which is kinda hackerrank, but oriented to video games. To solve code challenges by programming video games.

He is having plenty of fun:

https://www.codingame.com/start

More Symfony, APIs

If you enjoyed the Free Videos about Symfony, there is more.

https://symfonycast.com/screencast/api-platform

It talks about a bundle for building APIs.

And this tutorial explains in detail how to work with Webpack Encore:

https://symfonycasts.com/screencast/webpack-encore

100 Days of Code: Python Bootcamp

A friend of mine, and colleague, Michela, is following this bootcamp and recommends it for people learning from ground 0.

https://udemy.com/course/100-days-of-code/

My work at Blizzard

The company sent me the Stein, which is sent to the employees that serve for two years, with a recognition and a celebration called “The Circle of Honor”.

Books purchased

I bought this book as often I discover new ways, better, to explain the things to my students.

Sometimes I buy books for beginners, as I can get explained what I want to do super fast and some times they teach nice tricks that I didn’t know. I have huge Django books, and it took a lot to finish them.

A simpler book may only talk about how to install and work with it under a platform (Windows or Mac, as instance) but it is all that I require as the command to create projects are the same cross platform.

For example, you can get to install and to create a simple project with ORM, connected to the database, very quickly.

Software

So I just discovered that Zoom has an option to draw in the shared screen, like Slack has. It is called Annotate. It is super useful for my classes. :)

Also discovered the icons in the Chat. It seems that not all the video calls accept it.

Hardware

As Working From Home I needed an scanner, I looked in Amazon and all of them were costing more than €200.

I changed my strategy and I bought a All-In-One from HP, which costed me €68.

So I’ll have a scanner and a backup printer, which always comes handy.

The nightmare started after I tried to connect it with Ubuntu.

Ubuntu was not recognizing it. Checking the manuals they force to configure the printer from an Android/iPhone app or from their web page, my understanding is for windows only. In any case I would not install the proprietary drivers in my Linux system.

Annoyed, I installed the Android application, and it was requesting to get Location permissions to configure it. No way. There was not possible to configure the printer without giving GPS/Location permissions to the app, so I cancelled the process.

I grabbed a Windows 10 laptop and plugged the All-in-one through the USB. I ran the wizard to search for Scanners and Printers and was not unable to use my scanner, only to configure as a printer, so I was forced to install HP drivers.

Irritated I did, and they were suggesting to configure the printer so I can print from Internet or from the phone. Thanks HP, you’ll be the next SolarWinds big-security-hole. I said no way, and in order to use the Wifi I have to agree to open that security door which is that the printer would be connected to Internet permanently, sending and receiving information. I said no, I’ll use only via USB.

Even selecting that, in order to scan, the Software forces me to create an account.

Disappointing. HP is doing very big stupid mistakes. They used to be a good company.

Since they stopped doing the drivers in Barcelona years ago, their Software and solutions (not the hardware) went to hell.

I checked the reviews in the App Store and so many people gave them 1 star and have problems… what a shame the way they created this solution.

Donations

I made a donation to OpenShot Video Editor.

This is a great Open Source, multi-platform editor, so I wanted to support the creator.

Security

Attacks: looking for exploits

This is just a sample of a set of attacks to the blog in a 3 minutes interval.

Another one this morning:

Now all are blocked in the Firewall.

This is a non stop practice from spammers and pirates that has been going on for years.

It was almost three decades ago, when I was the Linux responsible of an ISP, and I was installing a brand new Linux system connected to a service called “infovia”, at the time when Internet was used with dial-up and modems, and in the interval of time of the installation, it got hacked. I had the Ethernet connected. So then already, this was happening.

The morning I was writing this, I blocked thousands of offending Ip Addresses.

Protection solutions

I recommend you to use CloudFlare, is a CDN/Cache/Accelerator with DoS protection and even in its Free version is really useful.

Fun/Games

So I come with a game kind of Quiz that you can play with your friends, family or work colleagues working from home (WFH).

The idea is that the master shares screen and sound in Zoom, and then the rest connect to jackbox.tv and enter the code displayed on the master’s screen on their own browser, and an interactive game is started.

It is recommended that the master has two monitors so they can also play.

The games are so fun as a phrase appearing and people having to complete with a lie. If your friends vote your phrase, believing is true, you get points. If you vote the true answer, you get points too.

Very funny and recommendable.

Stuff

<humor>Skynet sent another terminator to end me, but I terminated it. Its processor lays exhibited in my home now</humor>

I bought a laminator.

It has also a ruler and a trimmer to cut the paper.

It was only €39 and I’ve to say that I’m very happy with the results.

It takes around 5 minutes to be ready, it takes to get to the hot-enough temperature, and feeds the pages slowly, around 50 secs a DIN-A4, but the results are worth the time.

I’ve protected my medical receipts and other value documents and the work was perfect. No bubbles at all. No big deal if the plastic covers are introduced not 100% straight. Even if you pass again an already plasticized document, all is good.

Fun

Databases

One of my friends sent me this image.

It is old, but still it’s fun. So it assumes the cameras of the parking or speed cameras, will OCR the plate to build a query, and that the code is not well protected. So basically is exploiting a Sql Injection.

Anybody working on the systems side, and with databases, knows how annoying are those potential situations.

Python and coding

One of my colleagues shared this :)

Using Docker in Windows 10 without Windows Desktop with Docker Engine and without WSL

I added this article to my Docker Combat Guide book.

The change of license of Docker Desktop for Windows has been a low punch, a dirty one.

Many big companies use Windows as for the laptops and workstations, we like it or not.

You can setup a Linux development computer or Virtual Machine, you may argue, but things are not as easier.

Big companies have Software licenses assigned to corporation machines, so you may not use your Pycharm license in a Linux VM.

You may no use Docker Desktop either, if your company did not license it.

And finally you may need to have access to internal resources, like Artifactory, or Servers where access is granted via ACL, so only you, from your Development machine can access it. So you have to be able to run Docker locally.

After Docker introduced this changed of license I was using VirtualBox with NAT attached to the VPN Virtual Ethernet, and I port forwarded to be able to SSH, deploy, test, etc… from outside to my Linux VM, and it was working for a while, until with the last VirtualBox update and some Windows updates where pushed to my Windows box and my VirtualBox VMs stopped booting most of the times and having random problems.

I configured a new Linux VM in a Development Server, and I opened Docker API so my Pycharm’s workstation was able to deploy there and I was able to test. But the Dev Ip’s do not have access to the same Test Servers I need my Python Automation projects to reach (and quickly I used 50 GB of space), so I tried WSL. I like Pycharm I didn’t want to switch to VStudio Code because of their good Docker extensions, in any case I could not run my code locally with venv cause some of the packages where not available for Windows, so I needed Linux to run the Unit Testing and see the Code Coverage, run the code, etc…

I tried Hyper-V, tried with NAT External, but it was incompatible with my VPN.

Note: WSL can be used, but I wanted to use Docker Engine, not docker in WSL.

Installing Docker Command line binaries

The first thing I checked was the Docker downloads page.

I found the stand alone binary.

https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/binaries/#install-server-and-client-binaries-on-windows

In order to install it:

  1. Download the zip file from the page, in my case docker-20.10.12.zip
  2. Open PowerShell as Administrator
  3. Run: Expand-Archive C:\Users\carlesmateo\Downloads\docker-20.10.12.zip  -DestinationPath $Env:ProgramFiles\DockerCLI
  4. Run: cd $Env:ProgramFiles\DockerCLI\docker
  5. Run: .\dockerd.exe –register-service
  6. Run: Start-Service docker
  7. Check that Docker lists the running Containers (no errors) with: docker ps
  8. Check that the Service is running with: Get-Service docker
    You should expect something like:
Status Name DisplayName
------ ---- -----------
Running docker Docker Engine

Attempt to pull an Image with: docker pull ubuntu or docker pull php

If it works, you’re done, but most probably you will get it starting and get this error:

Error response from daemon: unsupported os linux

or this other error:

no matching manifest for windows/amd64 10.0.19042 in the manifest list entries

Depending on your system you may need to do certain things:

Turn Windows features on or off

I would make sure that are enabled:

  • Containers
  • Hyper-V
  • Virtual Machine Platform
  • Windows Hypervisor Platform
As you see WSL is not enabled

Press OK, and restart your computer.

Try Again to docker pull ubuntu

Enable Experimental Mode

Edit this file to enable experimental, you can run from the PowerShell:

notepad C:\ProgramData\Docker\config\daemon.json
Change experimental from false to: true

Save the file and restart the Service:

Restart-Service docker

Check if it works

Get-Service docker
Status   Name               DisplayName
------   ----               -----------
Running  docker             Docker Engine

Try if now it works.

Switch Daemon

If it is not working, try running:

cd "C:\Program Files\Docker\Docker\"
.\DockerCli.exe -SwitchDaemon

Give it two minutes and try to pull an image.

If it is still not working reboot, and try again:

cd "C:\Program Files\Docker\Docker\"
.\DockerCli.exe -SwitchDaemon

After it is working

I recommend you to add the new stand alone docker to the path, so you can call it from the terminal at any moment.

Edit the variable PATH of your user profile (not System wide)

I recommend you to have it on top after Python.

News from the Blog 2022-01-22

News for the Blog

It has been 9 years since I created the blog, and some articles have old content that still get many visitors. To make sure they get the clear picture and not obsolete information, all the articles of the taxonomy POST, will include the Date and Time when the article was first published.

I also removed the annoying link “Leave a comment” on top. I think it influences some people to leave comments before actually having read the article.

It is still possible to add comments, but they are on the bottom of the page. I believe it makes more sense this way. This is the way.

Technically that involved modifying the files of my template:

  • functions.php
  • content.php

My Books

Automating and Provisioning to Amazon AWS using boto3 Amazon’s SDK for Python 3

I finished my book about Automating and Provisioning to Amazon AWS using boto3 Amazon’s SDK for Python 3.

It’s 128 pages in Full size DIN-A4 DRM-Free, and comes with a link to code samples of a real project CLI Menu based.

Docker Combat Guide

I have updated my book Docker Combat Guide and I added a completely new section, including source code, to work with Docker’s Python SDK.

I show the Docker SDK by showing the code of an actual CLI program I wrote in Python 3.

Here you can see a video that demonstrates how I launched a project with three Docker Containers via Docker compose. The Containers have Python, Flask webserver, and redis as bridge between the two Python Containers.

All the source code are downloadable with the book.

Watch at 1080p at Full Screen for better experience

My Classes

In January I resumed the coding classes. I have new students, and few spots free in my agenda, as some of my students graduated and others have been hired as Software Developers. I can not be more proud. :)

Free Training

Symfony is one of the most popular PHP Frameworks.

You can learn it with these free videos:

https://symfonycasts.com/screencast/symfony/

Software Licenses I Purchased

Before leaving 2021, I registered WinRAR for Windows.

WinRAR is a compressing Software that has been with us for 19 years.

I’m pretty sure I registered it in the past, but these holidays I was out only with two Window laptops and I had to do some work for the university and WinRAR came it handy, so I decided to register it again.

I create Software and Books, and I earn my life with this, so it makes a lot of sense to pay others for their good work crafting Software.

Books I Purchased

I bought this book and by the moment is really good. I wanted to buy some updated books as all my Linux books have some years already. Also I keep my skills sharp by reading reading reading.

Hardware I purchased

So I bought a cheap car power inverter.

The ones I saw in Amazon were €120+ and they were not very good rated, so I opted to buy a cheap one in the supermarket and keep it on the car just in case one day I need it. (My new Asus Zenbook laptop has 18 hours of autonomy and I don’t charge it for days, but you never know)

For those that don’t know, a power inverter allows you to get a 220V (120V in US) plug, from the connection of the lighter from your car. Also you can get the energy from an external car battery. This comes in really handy to charge the laptop, cameras, your drone… if you are in the nature and you don’t have any plug near.

I bought one years ago to power up Raspberry Pi’s when I was doing Research for a project I was studying to launch.

Fun

Many friends are using Starlink as a substitute of fiber for their rural homes, and they are super happy with it.

One of them send me a very fun article.

It is in Italian, but you can google translate it.

https://leganerd.com/2022/01/10/starlink-ha-un-piccolo-e-adorabile-problema-con-i-gatti/

Anyways you can get the idea of what’s going on in the picture :)

So tell me… so your speed with Starlink drops 80% in winter uh… aha…

Random news about Software

I tried the voice recognition in Slack huddle, and it works pretty well. Also Zoom has this feature and they are great. Specially when you are in a group call, or in a class.

My health

I was experimenting some problems, so I scheduled an appointment to get blood analysis and to be checked. Just in case.

TL;TR I could have died.

The doctors saw my analysis and sent me to the hospital urgently, where they found something that was going to be lethal. For hours they were checking me and doing several more analysis and tests to discard false positives, etc… and they precisely found the issue and provided urgent treatment and confirmed that I could have died at any moment.

Basically I dodged a bullet.

I was doing certain healthy things that helped me in a situation that could have been deadly or extremely dangerous to my health.

With the treatment and my strict discipline, I reverted the situation really quick and now I have more health and more energy than before. I feel rejuvenated.

I’m feeling lucky that with my work, the classes, the books I wrote, etc… I didn’t have to worry about the expensive medicines, the transport, etc… It was a bad moment, during Christmas, with so many people on holidays, pharmacies and GPs closed, so I had to spend more time looking for, traveling, and to pay more than it would had been strictly necessary. Despite all the time I used to my health, I managed to finish my university duties on time, and I didn’t miss my duties at work after the hospital, neither I had to cancel any programming classes or mentoring sessions. Nobody out of my closest circle knew what was going on, with the exception of my boss, which I kept informed in real time, just in case there was any problem, as I didn’t want to let down the company and have my duties at work to be unattended if something major happened.

I was not afraid to die. Unfortunately I’ve lost very significant people since I was a child. Relatives, very appreciated bosses and colleagues which I considered my friends, and great friends of different circles. Illnesses, accidents, and a friend of mine committed suicide years ago, and some of my partners attempted it (before we know each other). When you see people that are so good leaving, this brings a sadness that cannot be explained with words. I have had a tough life.

We have a limited time, and he have freedom to make choices. Some people choose to be miserable, to mistreat others, to lie, to cheat, to be unfaithful, to lack ethic and integrity. Those are their choices. Their wasted time will not come back.

Some of my friends are doctors. I admire them. They save lives and improve the quality of life of people with health problems.

I like being an Engineer cause I can create things, I can build instead of destroy, I can help to improve the world, and I can help users to have a good time and to avoid the frustration of services being down. I chose to do a positive work. So many times I’ve been offered much bigger salaries to do something I didn’t like, or by companies that I don’t admire, and I refused. Cause I wanted to make a better world. I know many people don’t think like that, and they only take take take. They are even unable to understand my choices, even to believe that I’m like that. But it’s enough that I know what I’m doing, and that it makes sense for me, and that I know that I’m doing well. And then, one day, you realize, that doing well, being fair and nice even if other people stabbed you in the back, you got to know fantastic people like you, and people that adore you and love to have you in their life, in their companies… So I’m really fortunate. To all the good-hearted people around, that give without expect anything in return, that try to make the world a better place, thank you.